NDHF is involved in the transfer of electrons from NAD(P)H: plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain.
FC2 is one of two ferrochelatase genes in Arabidopsis. Ferrochelatase is the terminal enzyme of heme biosynthesis. FC-II is speculated to operate in photosynthetic cytochromes.
AOR is an alkenal/one oxidoreductase that acts on compounds with unsaturated alpha, beta-carbonyls. This protein appears to localize to the chloroplast where it likely helps to maintain the photosynthetic process by detoxifying reactive carbonyls formed during lipid peroxidation.
CSD1 encodes a cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase that can detoxify superoxide radicals. Its expression is affected by miR398-directed mRNA cleavage. And CSD1 is regulated by biotic and abiotic stress. Activation of CSD1 in the cytoplasm involves both a CCS-dependent and -independent pathway.